FACTS ABOUT DIATHERMY......FOR THE ANAESTHESIOLOGIST🔥

🔰Alternating current with a frequency between 0.5 and 1 MHz is used. 

🔰The cutting function requires a sine wave pattern and the coagulation function requires a damped or pulsed sine wave pattern. 

🔰Unipolar (monopolar) diathermy 

🔹consists of a small tip where the current density and heating effect is high. 

🔹The current flows through the patient to a neutral or patient plate, which is earthed. 

🔹The patient plate is large so the current density and heating effect is negligible.

🔰Bipolar diathermy equipment 

🔹consists of two tips on a pair of forceps. 

🔹The current passes across the field between the two tips to bring about heating. 

🔹 No patient or neutral electrode is required. 

🔹 is preferable to unipolar if the patient has a cardiac pacemaker or CNS stimulator (spinal cord or deep brain), as the current is kept at the forceps tip and will not be passing through the body. 

🔹 This reduces the likelihood of current passing down the pacemaker or stimulator wire and exciting or damaging electrically conductive tissues. 

🔹 is used for delicate surgery such as ophthalmic surgery and neurosurgery.

ETOMIDATE BASED ANESTHESIA- FACTS🎙

⌛️Etomidate is an imidazole derivative

⌛️It has higher incidence of PONV than other induction agents

⌛️It causes pain on injection 

⌛️It can trigger porphyric crisis, in susceptible individuals

⌛️The REVERSIBLE BLOCKADE of the adrenocortical enzymes 11β -hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase, reduces BOTH corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid synthesis and the effect LASTS FOR 3–6 hours after a bolus dose.

⌛️The effect of a bolus of etomidate is terminated by redistribution of drug to peripheral tissues

⌛️The standard dose for induction of anaesthesia is 0.3 mg/ kg

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pH and [H+] : QUANTIFICATION & COMPARISON

✅For each one point increase in the pH scale, the concentration of hydrogen ions, and the acidity, changes by a factor of 10. 

✅Therefore, a solution with a pH of 4 is 10 times as acidic as a solution with a pH of 5, and 100 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6. 

✅The scale is relative in terms of [H +], so although a pH of 8 implies an alkaline solution, the number of H + ions still differs 100-fold from a solution with a pH of 10. 

✅HOW TO FIND pH WHEN WE KNOW THE STRENGTH OF THE SOLUTION 

🔹pH = –log10[ H +]

🔹If solution is 0.01 M solution ,[H+] = 10^2= –log (10^2) = pH 2 

🔹More simply put, the pH is the number of times you need to move the decimal point to get the first non zero value (here it's 1)

4 IMPORTANT FACTORS AND THE CORRESPONDING PROPERTIES OF THE LOCAL ANESTHETIC GETTING INFLUENCED: