ADVERSE EFFECTS OF UNDER TREATED SEVERE ACUTE PAIN

(Reference: Pamela E. Macintyre,Stephan A. Schug. ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT; A PRACTICAL GUIDE)

👹Tachycardia, hypertension

👹increased myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial ischemia

👹 Decreased lung volumes, atelectasis, decreased cough, sputum retention, infection, hypoxemia

👹Decreased gastric and bowel motility 

👹Urinary retention 

👹Increased catabolic hormones: glucagon, growth hormone, vasopressin, aldosterone, renin, and angiotensin 

👹Reduced anabolic hormones: insulin, testosterone 

👹Catabolism leads to hyperglycemia, increased protein breakdown and negative nitrogen balance; ➡️impaired wound healing and muscle wasting 

👹 Muscle spasm, immobility (increasing risk of deep-vein thrombosis-->pulmonary embolism) and muscle wasting 

👹 Chronic (persistent) pain due to central sensitization 

👹 Anxiety, fear, helplessness, sleep deprivation—leading to increased pain and potential long-term psychological effects